Hipaa, Health Insurance And Portability Act Of 1996

HIPAA (Health Insurance and Portability Act of 1996), outlines rules, regulations and the rights of patients to access their healthcare information such as notifications of privacy practices, copying and viewing medical records, and amendments. This paper explains why confidentiality is important today and discusses recourses patients can use if they believe their privacy has been violated. This paper will also discuss criminal and civil penalties’ that can occur for breaking HIPAA privacy rules. Keywords: HIPAA, health information, patients’ rights Patients’ Rights under HIPAA In 2003, a federal law that provided privacy and security protection was imposed upon all healthcare organizations including hospitals, physician practices, health insurance companies, Medicare, Medicaid, employers, and labs, as well as other providers. With passage of this law all patients now have a right to their PHI -Protected Health Information- under HIPAA which includes the right to receive a notice of privacy practices, to copy and view information in their medical record, request amendments, receive an accounting of disclosures, request communication about medical matters, restrict the use and disclosure of their medical record, and to file a complaint about violations of privacy (Modifications to the HIPAA, 2013). What is HIPAA The Health Insurance and Portability Act of 1996, known by the acronym HIPAA, is a civil rights law that was passed to give patientsShow MoreRelatedHipaa, Health Insurance And Portability Act Of 19961576 Words   |  7 PagesHIPAA, (Health Insurance and Portability Act of 1996) outlines rules and regulations and the rights of patients to access their healthcare information such as notifications of privacy practices, copying and viewing medical records, and amendments. This paper explains why confidentiality is important today and discusses recourses patients can use if they believe their privacy has been violated. This paper will also discuss criminal and civil penalties’ that can occur for breaking HIPAA privacy rulesRead MoreHipaa, Health Insurance And Portability Act Of 19961574 Words   |  7 PagesHIPAA, (Health Insurance and Portability Act of 1996) outlines rules and regulations and the rights of patients to access their healthcare information such as, notifications of privacy practices, copying and viewing medical records, and amendments. This paper explains why confidentiality is important today and discusses recourses patients can use if they believe their privacy has been violated. This paper will also discuss criminal and civil penalties’ that can occur for breaking HIPAA privacyRead MoreHipaa Or Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act Of 1996983 Words   |  4 Pages HIPAA or Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 is a set of laws aimed to protect people from losing their health insurance coverage during change or loss of employment, to control health care fraud and abuse, and to maintain patient`s health information and/or status confidential. The origins of HIPAA go as far back as the 1990 when medical records were suggested to become computerized, management of health care records was questioned and portability of health insurance becameRead MoreHealth Insurance Portability And Accountability Act Of 1996 ( Hipaa )1319 Words   |  6 Pagesinformation security within Healthcare: †¢ Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) †¢ Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act of 2009, †¢ Affordable Care Act of 2010 2. Review and describe each regulation in your own words in minimum 1000 words. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) HIPAA, the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability act was signed into law in 1996 by President Clinton. The regulationRead MoreThe Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act Of 1996 ( Hipaa )1685 Words   |  7 PagesOffice of Civil Rights (OCR) maintains one of the most well-known laws meant to protect the privacy of health information - the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA). HIPAA is composed of statute and rules such as the Privacy Rule, Security Rule, Breach Notification Rule, and others. These rules cover various aspects of health information security. For example, â€Å"the HIPAA Security Rule specifies a series of administrative, physical, and technical safeguards for covered entitiesRead MoreThe Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act Of 1996 ( Hipaa )1686 Words   |  7 PagesLaw 104-191, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA). The purpose was to improve the Medicare program under title XVIII of the Social Security Act, the Medicaid program under title XIX of such Act, and the efficiency and effectiveness of the health care system. This public law encouraged the development of a health information system through standards and requirements for the electronic transmission of certain health information (aspe.hhs.go). The Act established a programRead MoreThe Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act Of 1996 ( Hipaa )1806 Words   |  8 PagesHIPPA and Information Management Introduction The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) was passed to protect patients, it offer the following benefits (a) enables the patient to find out how their health records can be used, (b) limits the release of personnel health records, (c) patients have the opportunity to receive a copy of their health records, and (d) gives the patient the authority to control if their information will be disclosed to a third party. UnderRead MoreWhat Is The Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act860 Words   |  4 PagesHealth Insurance Portability and Accountability Act HIPAA is the acronym for the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act that was passed by Congress in 1996, Federal law that restricts access to individuals private medical information: The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 was enacted by the United States Congress and signed by President Bill Clinton in 1996. . HIPAA does the following: Provides the ability to transfer and continue health insurance coverageRead MoreThe Hipaa Act Of 1996851 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is the HIPAA Act of 1996? HIPAA, what is it? It is privacy, control, and peace of mind. You have the right for your medical information to be kept confidential. You have the right to decide whether or not family members are privy to your medical information. If you are changing jobs, why worry about health insurance coverage. Picture this. A woman called a local hospital and inquired about the condition of a patient. She was informed by the nurse that the patient was on a ventilator and couldRead MoreEssay On Public Need For Health Care1023 Words   |  5 Pages Public Need for the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act was signed into a federal law in 1996. During the early 1990’s there was a public need to alter the way that medical records were discussed between insurance, doctors and patients. Prior to the advancement of computers into the medical world, the industry was mainly paper records that were written and stored in file rooms. Only people who were authorized could get to Hipaa, Health Insurance And Portability Act Of 1996 HIPAA, (Health Insurance and Portability Act of 1996) outlines rules and regulations and the rights of patients to access their healthcare information such as notifications of privacy practices, copying and viewing medical records, and amendments. This paper explains why confidentiality is important today and discusses recourses patients can use if they believe their privacy has been violated. This paper will also discuss criminal and civil penalties’ that can occur for breaking HIPAA privacy rules. Keywords: HIPAA, health information, patients’ rights Patients’ Rights Under HIPAA The Health Insurance and Portability Act of 1996, known by the acronym HIPAA, is a civil rights law that was passed to give patients†¦show more content†¦Notice of Privacy Practices The Notice of Privacy Practices must be provided for the patients’ first admission into a healthcare facility. This notice describes how the privacy rule allow providers to use the patient s’ PHI, explains their privacy rights and provides contact information for complaints (Herold, R., Beaver, K, 2014). A â€Å"good faith† effort must be made to obtain a written acknowledgment from the patient that he has received the Notice of Privacy Practices. One issue that has been noted is the wording of some notices are cumbersome and not written clear enough for the average layperson to understand its meaning. Access, Amendments, and Accounting of Disclosures Under HIPAA, patients have the right to access their records in designated record sets and obtain copies of them. This right extends for as long as the hospital keeps the records (Individuals Right under HIPAA, 2016). Parents have rights to access their minor child’s medical records, although the provider may reserve the right to limit disclosure of PHI to a minor’s parent or guardian if they believe the minor to be in danger if that information is released. This has drawn much controversy from parents who believe they have a right to their minor child’s PHI in order to be well informed of their healthcare needs. According to state law, providers have a right to charge a reasonable cost-based fee for making copies and for postage, however, they may not charge a fee for

The Effects of Obesity in Adults Free Essays

In today’s society overeating can create a vast amount of changes, that may affect lifestyles of daily living. According to CDC, more than one-third of U.S. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Obesity in Adults or any similar topic only for you Order Now adults were obese in 2011-2012. The effects of obesity can lead a person down a road, which can be hard to manage in life. A BMI of 30 is about 30 lb overweight and equivalent to 221 lb in a 6’0†³ person and to 186 lb in one 5’6†³ (American Journal). The National Institutes of Health (NIH) now defines normal weight, overweight, and obesity according to BMI rather than the traditional height/weight charts (NIH). People with a body mass index of 30 or more are considered obese, and those with a B.M.I. of 40 or more are severely obese (NYTimes). Obese individuals have a high risk for chronic health conditions and complications. To name a few: hypertension, cardiovascular disease, knee / joint problems, psychological issues, diabetes, and death. Obesity is a measure by body mass index, which is determined by height and weight. If a person gains between 10-20 pounds they are at a high risks of hypertension (OAC). As you gain weight, so does stress throughout the body which causes hypertension. The more food and drink a person consumes in turn will increase their sodium level. Due to the increase of sodium and fat into the diet the endocrine system is forced to compensate and can result in an increase in blood pressure. Hypertension is a chronic condition caused by an increase in blood pressure and is a common complication for obese patients.Abdominal distention is a common complication due to layers of fat that have accumulated on top of muscle. The abdominal wall compressing against the diaphragm causes discomfort for an obese patient and also limits sleeping positions. Sleep apnea is another common complication of obese patients due to the softening of the tissue in the mouth and throat causing the airway to be obstructed. Many of these patients must be placed on a bipap machine while they sleep to help regulate their breathing. Obesity is also associated with knee and joint issues. Increase weigh strains the body, as a person tries to walk with additional weight. Ideal body weight is classified as 50 kilograms for 5 ft. Anything past 5ft is multiplied by 2.3 + 50 to get ideal body weight. For example; a 6’0 ft person ideal body weight would be 50 + 2.3 x 12 equals 77.6 kilograms. Any weight above the average weight is considered obese. Over time the tissues and connective tendons become damaged from the strain of the weight that is bearing down on the knee. Being only 10 pounds overweight increases the force on the knee by 30-60 pounds with each step (John Hopkins). Being overweight increases, the load placed on the joints such as the knee, which increases stress and could possibly hasten the breakdown of cartilage (John Hopkins). Clearly increase weight does have significant impact on walking, causing fatigue, and joint / knee issues.Psychological consequences of being overweight or obese can include lowered self-esteem and anxiety, and more serious disorders such as depression and eating disorders such as binge eating, bulimia and anorexia (MentalHelp). Obese people are made fun of and looked down upon. Obese people have less energy, due to taking more momentum to get their body going. More weight means more force needed to get moving. Hollywood paints an image that everyone around is thin. When it comes to obese people there’s a tendency for depression, trying to compare with society. While being depressed obese people have a tendency to want to eat more and lay around doing nothing. Within that mind state leads to eating more and gaining additional weight. Over time, even ordinary tasks of daily life like going up a flight of stairs can lead to exhaustion and a sense of premature aging (Mentalhelp). Diabetes is another consequence associated with being obese. Obese people have a tendency, to eat more sweets, and carbohydrates that turn into glucose. People who are overweight or have obesity have added pressure on their body’s ability to use insulin to properly control blood sugar levels, and are therefore more likely to develop diabetes (Obesity Society). Obese people are at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes, which often occurs in children or adolescents, is caused by the body’s inability to make insulin or type 2 diabetes, which occurs as a result of the body’s inability to react properly to insulin (insulin resistance). Type 2 diabetes is more prevalent than type 1 diabetes and is therefore seen in roughly 90% of all diabetes cases (Obesity Society). Compared with normal-weight adults, obese adults had at least 20% significantly higher rate of dying with cardiovascular disease (NIH). Plaque builds up due to more fats in diet, which leads to coronary artery disease. As the buildup continues throughout duration of life, so does blockage in the coronary arteries. A block in the coronary arteries with cause decrease cardiac output. With the decrease in blood flow, cardiac tissue death starts to form. Blockage in the heart creates myocardial infarction. Prolong tissue necrosis will lead to cardia death, resulting in death itself. For CVD, death was advanced by 10.3 and 12.8 years in adults aged 45 to 64 years categorized as grades II and III obese (Luisa N. Borrell). Obesity can cause a lot of issues that can be detrimental to activities of daily living. Just as a little of increase weight, the body starts to break itself down. While, normal healthy adult weight is less than BMI of 26, and obesity is anything above BMI 30. A little increase in weight can be life altering. The activities daily living related with obesity decreases in an adult’s life. Several different diseases are involved with obesity, most can be cured with just a minor decrease in weight. How to cite The Effects of Obesity in Adults, Papers

Anorexia4 Essay Example For Students

Anorexia4 Essay Each year millions of people in the United States are affected by serious and sometimes life-threatening eating disorders. The vast majorities are adolescents and young adult women. Approximately one percent of adolescent girls develop anorexia nervosa, a dangerous condition in which they can literally starve themselves to death. Another two to three percent develop bulimia nervosa, a destructive pattern of excessive overeating followed by vomiting or other purging behaviors to control their weight. These eating disorders also occur in men and older women, but much less frequently. The consequences of eating disorders can be severe. For example, one in ten anorexia nervosa leads to death from starvation, cardiac arrest, or suicide. Fortunately, increasing awareness of the dangers of eating disorders, sparked by medical studies and extensive media coverage, has led many people to seek help. Nevertheless, some people with eating disorders refuse to admit that they have a problem and do not get treatment. Family and friends can help recognize the problem and encourage the person to seek treatment. Anorexia nervosa is a disorder where people intentionally starve themselves. It usually starts around the time of puberty and involves extreme weight loss. Sometimes they must be hospitalized to prevent starvation because food and weight become obsessions. For some, the compulsives shows up in strange eating rituals, some even collect recipes and prepare gourmet feasts for family and friends. Loss of monthly menstrual periods is typical in women with this disorder and men with this disorder usually become impotent. People with bulimia nervosa consume large amounts of food and then rid their bodies of the excess calories by vomiting, abusing laxatives or exercising obsessively. Some use a combination of all these forms of purging. Many individuals with bulimia binge and purge in secret and maintain normal or above normal body weight, they can often successfully hide their problem from others for years. As with anorexia, bulimia typically begins during adolescence. The condition occurs most often in women but is also found in men. Many individuals with bulimia, do not seek help until they reach their thirties or forties. By then, their eating behavior is deeply ingrained and more difficult to change. Medical complications can frequently be a result of eating disorders. Individuals with eating disorders, who use drugs to stimulate vomiting, may be in considerable danger, as this practice increases the risk of heart failure. In patients with anorexia, starvation can damage vital organs such as the heart and brain. To protect itself, the body shifts into slow gear : monthly menstrual periods stop, breathing, pulse and, blood pressure rates drop, and thyroid function slows. Nails and hair become brittle, the skin dries, yellows, and becomes covered with soft hair called Lanugo. Excessive thirst and frequent urination may occur. Dehydration contributes to constipation, and reduced body fat leads to lowered body temperature and inability to with stand cold. Mild anemia, swollen joints, reduced muscles mass, and light-headedness also commonly occur in anorexia. If the disorder becomes severe, patients may lose calcium from their bones, making them brittle and prone to breakage. Scienti sts from the National Institute of Mental Health ( NIMH ), have also found that patients suffer from other psychiatric illnesses. They may suffer from anxiety, personality or substance abuse disorders, and many are at a risk for suicide. Obsessive compulsive disorder, an illness characterized by repetitive thoughts and behaviors, can also accompany anorexia. Bulimia nervosa patients- even those of normal weight- can severely damage their bodies by frequent binge eating and purging. In rare instances, binge eating causes the stomach to rupture; purging may result in heart failure due to loss of vital minerals, such as potassium. Vomiting causes other less deadly, but serious, problems. The acid in vomit wears the outer layer of the teeth and can cause scarring on the backs of hands when fingers are pushed down the throat to induce vomiting. Further the esophagus becomes inflamed and glands near the cheeks become swollen. As in anorexia, bulimia may lead to irregular menstrual periods and interest in sex may also diminish. Some individuals with bulimia struggle with addictions, including abuse if drugs and alcohol, and compulsive stealing. Like individuals with anorexia, many people with bulimia suffer from clinical depression, anxiety obsessive compulsive disorder, and other psychiatric illnesses. These problems place them at high risk fo r suicidal behavior. People who binge eats are usually overweight, so they are prone to medical problems, such as high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and diabetes. Research, from the NIMH scientists, has shown that individuals with binge eating disorder have high rates of co-occurring psychiatric illnesses, especially depression. Huckleberry finn 2 EssayFamily and friends should read as mush as possible about eating disorders, so they can help the person with the illness understand his or her problem. Many local mental health organizations and the self help groups provide free literature on eating disorders. Some of these groups also provide treatment program referrals and information on local self-help groups. Once the person gets help, he or she will continue to needs lots of understanding and encouragement to stay in treatment. NIMH continues its search for new and better treatments for eating disorders. Congress has designated the 1990s as the Decade of the Brain, making the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of all brain and mental disorders a national research priority. This research promises to yield even more hope for patients and their families by providing a greater understanding of the causes and complexities of eating disorders. Bibliography:

Zinn Chapter 11 Essays - Industrial Workers Of The World

Zinn Chapter 11 Chapter 11 talks about how the railroad corporations took over for profit and made low income jobs. New machines were starting to be invented, no longer needing humans to do the work. This made a lot of people jobless and did not leave many jobs for people to do. Since the railroad corporations led to low wage jobs, it made the workers very upset. They had families to feed and necessities they needed to buy in order to support their families and what they were getting paid was not enough. So three thousand workers got together for strikes and the Knights of Labor was formed , wanting more pay. Even women joined to protest the wages and hours they were being given because they did not think it was fair . Pinkerton guards boarded their barges. When a Pinkerton man shoved a striker aside, he fired and wounded the detective, leading to gunfire from both sides. Strike leaders were charged with murder and the rest with other crimes. Texas and Pacific Railroad fired a leader of the Knights of Labor, leading to a strike which spread throughout the Southwest. Even though these strikes caused a lot of damage, they did end up working and making a change because the government and corporations granted them more favorable conditions. Life for immigrants was very difficult. Those who came to the Unites States to work ended up in worse conditions working for Railroad corporations then they were already in. Plus, many people disliked the immigrants and would riot against them . Farmers were again attacked through the Homestead Act, losing so much. In 1870, John D. Rockefeller set up the Standard Oil Company. He made secret agreements with railroads to ship his oil if they gave him discounts on their prices. Which was a good strategy for him because it led other oil competitors out of business. America was used as a company with millionaires running it with their riches. Whatever it was that the poor would do to try to improve didn't work at all. It was as if the rich would get richer and the poor got poorer. Famers that thought they were going to get rich would end up losing their lands and homes because they were left in debt, they couldn't afford to pay back the loans they took out to monopolize their products .

Physician Assisted Suicide1 essays

Physician Assisted Suicide1 essays Many voters throughout the United States are taking the measure to legalize physician assisted suicide to the polls. If it is legalized, the United States will have legalized a much quicker, more humane method(as opposed to terminal sedation) of ending the suffering of terminally ill patients. The only legal process of this sort in the United States is terminal sedation, a method that can oftentimes add to a patients problems. Although Oregon is the only state to have successfully passed such a bill for the legalization of physician assisted suicide, the pressure to confront this issue is growing along with the movement for legalization. Opponents of the Oregon bill, mostly Christian conservative groups, are planning to appeal this case to the Supreme Court in hopes of a reversal of the Oregon Supreme Courts decision. Though the emotional battle of physician assisted suicide is the prerogative of voters on both sides of the issue, the fundamental question that will have to be ans wered by the Courts is whether or not the liberty observed by the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment contains a right to perform suicide, which itself includes a right to assistance in doing so. This clause states, No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; Nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law. (United States Constitution, Amendment 14) In order to constitutionally create a previously unspecified right the Supreme Court must conclude that such a right is either deeply rooted into the nations history and tradition, or is fundamental to sustaining the liberty provided in the Constitution. The court should also have a very specific description of what is to be entailed within this right. The difficulty in arguing for assisted suicide is t...

An Athlete Dying Young Essay -- Death, Life, Diet, Afterlife

Surprisingly, the first message from â€Å"To an Athlete Dying Young† is how important pride is to an athlete. Winning is the name of the game in any sport which requires a certain level of competiveness that in turn creates lots of pride. Being the winner of any competition gives a person something to brag about and show of to others which is what most people would call pride. Well, what would an athlete do if his pride faded away but he was still doing well? This is the question that Housman answers in his poem. He uses exactly one stanza to say these lines, â€Å"Now you will not swell the rout/ Of lads that wore their honors out/ Runners whom renown outran/ And the name died before the man.† (A.E Housman pg. 1092 lines. 17-20) First off he says that an athlete who dies young will not have to be with the men who wore their honors our, and neither will he have to worry about his pride dying before he does. It’s exactly like that high school quarter back who sti ll talks about that one throw that won the state championship game. This is harsh to say, but h... ... middle of paper ... ...at moment the record was broke and die a life focused on regret. So, basically an unbroken record means an unbroken heart and that equals a happy death. In conclusion, Housman related these three messages of dying a very happy person, your people will take you to your home, and pride is an important thing to an athlete by connecting them all to the fact of life which is death. He said that as long as an athlete can die before their record is broken then they will be able to die a happy person remembering the cheers of their fans. Even if they didn’t set records they could die with pride by dying before their reputation or honor stopped running. Lastly, Housman was able to say that no matter how or when you die, your people will take you to your grave shoulder high so if that is the case then an athlete should wish to die young so they may be happy when death comes.

Mediums of painting, sculpture, or architecture Essay

Mediums of painting, sculpture, or architecture - Essay Example In today’s world there are many mediums for painting being used by an Artist. Some of the medium includes oil tempera, oil paints, gouache, pastels, water colors and acrylic. Acrylic paint has a quality that it takes little time to get dry and contains pigments which can easily be diluted with water. Pastels have three different forms, the hard, soft and pastel pencils. Amongst which, the soft pastels are widely used by artists because it has the pigments are at a higher portion but has less binder. Hard pastels contain high binding quality but with less pigments and pastel pencils are pencils which contain lead. Tempera is a medium which consists of colored pigments and allow greater precision for the artist. Water colors need water to show their true color and then become transparent. Therefore, other mediums are used with water colors in order to give special effect. As so rightly described by Nicolas Poussin that â€Å"Painting is the lover of beauty and the queen of the arts†, I am greatly attracted towards painting but the medium which I dearly like is Tempera. This is because the medium provides an artist with smooth matte finish and its history can be found in early Egyptian sarcophagi in which they use to decorate mummy portraits. In this medium egg is been used as a binding force which is mostly used in canvas or wood panels. Unlike paints, the color would not change when it dries up and it would not even grow transparent over time.The paper explores the relationship between an artist and a patron.

Postoperative pain management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Postoperative pain management - Essay Example Management of pain following a surgery employs oral or rectal analgesics, intramuscular opioid injections, systemic opioid analgesia, continuous subcutaneous infusion of analgesics, and patient-controlled analgesia (PCA).Management of pain following a surgical procedure is one of the major challenges and source of concern for health care providers (Berge et al, 2004). However, surveys have revealed that hospital postoperative pain management, such as opioid intramuscular injections are frequently inefficient, resulting in unrelieved pain in approximately 50% of patients (Steinberg et al, 2002). Various studies have shown that postoperative pain has significant influence on the recovery of the patient, length of stay in the hospital, mobility, cost of hospitalization and also postoperative morbidity like cognitive dysfunction and pulmonary complications (Pain Management Guideline Panel., 1992). According to Sommer et al (2008), moderate to severe pain occurs in more than 50 percent of patients who undergo abdominal surgery It is crucial to control postoperative pain and currently in every hospital in the western world, control of post operative pain is given utmost importance. An understanding of pain management in the postoperative period can be enhanced through reflection. Reflection is evaluation and examination of thoughts and actions of oneself. For health practitioners, reflection means focusing on the interaction of oneself with colleagues and environment in a particular situation so that they are able to evaluate their own behavior. â€Å"Reflection gives scope for better understanding of oneself so that existing strengths can be used to build-up for future actions "(Somerville and Keeling, 2004). In order to be an effective practitioner, one must be able to identify one's strengths in approaching a problem, assess one's level of competency and improve on what one thinks are the weaknesses so that when the same problems arise in the future, the right ap proach can be adapted. Reflection is also an opportunity for professional growth and development to increase competence in the nursing practice (Alexander, Fawcett and Runciman, 2006). Reflective practice is very essential for nursing clinical practice because it helps the nurse to understand, assess and learn through the experiences during clinical practice (Burns and Grove, 2005). In the following assignment, I shall discuss about management of a patient with postoperative pain based on Gibbs (1988) Reflective Cycle. This is because, Gibbs Reflective Cycle is a straight forward and recognized framework for reflection wherein it enables clear description of the situation of the patient, the analysis of feelings, evaluation of the experience, analysis to make sense of the experience, conclusion where other points are considered and reflection upon experience to examine what you would do if situation arose again. Case description Mr. X was a 67 years old male patient, who I looked af ter in a Surgical High Dependency Unit (SHDU). He was transferred from theatre following Whipples, where a total pancreatectomy was performed along with the removal of Gall Bladder and Duodenum.  Past medical history included hypertension and chemotherapy 2 years ago following the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. He was also underweight. The patient was transferred to SHDU in a stable condition. On the 1st day post op, the Epidural Analgesia’s catheter was dislodged by accident and according to the protocol (NHS 2009), it could not be used anymore. Although, the patient had prescribed oral pain reliefs as required, Mr. X showed discomfort and pain, once resting and moving in bed. Because of the risk of post operative complications including pressure sores and chest infection, the issue was highlighted to Pain Management Nurse, who prescribed Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA). The Pain Management Nurse provided short educational session for Mr. X, as he never used PCA before and appeared to be anxious about

Automotive industry Essay Example for Free

Automotive industry Essay Maruti Suzuki India Limited generally famous as Maruti is an ancillary company of the Japanese automaker Suzuki Motor Corporation. It has a market share of 44.9% of the Indian passenger car market as of March 2011. Maruti 800 and Alto are their entry level cars. Ritz, A-Star, Swift, Wagon-R, Estilo are their hatch back models. DZire SX4 are Maruti’s Sedan class models. Eeco and Ertiga are Maruti’s C segment class. Grand Vitara is their Sports Utility Vehicle which is directly imported from Japan. Maruti is the 1st company in India to turn out and sell more than a million cars. Maruti Udyog Limited is renamed as Maruti Suzuki India Ltd on 17th September 2007. Maruti companies head quarter is in Nelson Mandela Road, New  Delhi. The company was customary in 1989; however the actual production commenced in 1983 with their Maruti 800. Till 2004 Maruti 800 was the India’s largest selling packed in car ever, since it was launched in 1983. More than a million units of this car have been sold worldwide so far. Maruti imports diesel engines for all their diesel cars from Fiat motors. Maruti’s manufacturing plants are located at two amenities Gurgoan and Manesar south of Delhi. Gurgoan plants installed capacity is of 9, 00,000 units per annum and Manesar plant with a capacity of 5, 00,000 units per year and a diesel plant with an annual capacity of 1, 00,000 engines and transmissions. Maruti has 933 dealerships crossways 666 towns and cities in all states and union territories of India with 2,946 service stations (inclusive of dealer workshops and Maruti Authorised Service Stations) in 1,395 towns and cities all over India. It has 30 Express Service Stations on 30 National Highways across 1,314 cities in India. Service is a major source of proceeds to the company. Most of the service stations help many stranded vehicles on the highways by sending across their repair man to the vehicle. 1.2 Definition Of Marketing According to American Marketing Association (AMA) Board of Directors, Marketing is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value of customers, clients, partners, and society at large. Dr. Philip Kotler defines, marketing as â€Å"the science and art of exploring, creating, and delivering value to satisfy the needs of a target market at a profit. Marketing identifies unfulfilled needs and desires. It defines measures and quantifies the size of the identified market and the profit potential. It pinpoints which segments the company is capable of serving best and it designs and promotes the appropriate products and services†. 1.3 Customer Perceived Value Customer Perceived Value (CPV) is the distinction between the prospective customer’s evaluation of all the benefits and all the costs of an offering and the perceived alternatives. 1.3.1 Customer Perceived Value of Maruti Suzuki with reference to Holbrook Model Typology of Customer Value Holbrook (1994 p. 27) asserted â€Å"Value is an interactive relativistic preference experience†. Based on this Holbrook proposed a typology of consumer value having three different dimensions: Extrinsic/Intrinsic: The consumer perceives value in using or owning a product or services as a means to and end versus an end in itself. Self-oriented/Other-oriented: The consumer perceives value for the consumer’s own benefit as against the benefit of others. Active/Reactive: The customer perceives value through direct use of an object as against apprehending, appreciating or responding to an object. These three dimensions give rise to eight types of customer value Extrinsic Intrinsic Self-oriented Active Efficiency Play Reactive Excellence Aesthetics Other-oriented Active Status Ethics Reactive Esteem Spirituality Thus for a company like Maruti it would be very apt to use this model considering that the products that Maruti Suzuki has to offer fits in quite easily in different dimensions as presented in the typology. 1.3.2 Customer Perceived Value of Maruti Suzuki with reference to Monroe Model Monroe (1990, p. 46) observes, â€Å"Buyers perceptions of value represent a trade-off between the quality or benefits they perceive in the product relative to the sacrifice they perceived by paying the price† Monroe has expressed the concept of customer perceived value as the ratio between perceived benefits and perceived sacrifice: Customer Perceived Value= Perceived Benefits ________________ Perceived Sacrifice According to Monroe perceived benefits has a positive influence on consumers perception of product value at first, and later on it may influence consumers purchase intentions. In contrast, perceived sacrifice first has a negative influence on consumers perception of product value, and later on it may influence consumers purchase intentions. Perceived Benefits Here the benefits include customers’ desired value, e.g., quality (Monroe, 1990). Sacrifices, on the other hand, include monetary (price) (Dodds, et al., 1991) and non-monetary (time, effort) (Cronin, et al., 2000) considerations. Therefore, value includes three key factors: (1) quality, (2) price, and (3) convenience (Lemon, et al., 2001), where convenience is the time and effort expended by the customers (Cronin, et al., 2000) In context to Maruti, the customer’s desired value is the quality of the car and services rendered there off. Whereas the sacrifices include the price of the car, maintenance cost, etc. 1.3.3 Customer Perceived Value of Maruti with reference to Woodruff’s Model A Value-Hierarchy Model Woodruff (1997) proposed that â€Å"Customer value is a customer’s perceived preference for and evaluation of those product attributes, attribute performances and consequences arising from use that facilities achieving the customer goals and purposes in use situations.† (p146) Accordingly the customer value hierarchy suggests that customers conceive of desired value in a means-end way. Basically it can be known as a system to run businesses throughout the country by understanding customer’s goal and satisfaction over it (Lister, n.d.) Desired Customer Customer Satisfaction Value with Received Value Customer’s Goals and Purposes Desired Consequences in Use Situations Desired Product Attributes and Attribute Preferences Starting at the bottom of the hierarchy, customers start to think about products as bundles of specific attributes and attribute performances. While purchasing and using a product they form desire or preferences for a certain attribute based on their ability to facilitate achieving desired consequence experiences. Looking down the hierarchy from the top, customers use goals and preferences to attach importance to consequences. Also the customer’s use situation plays a critical role in evaluation as well as in desires. Maruti Suzuki, being an automobile manufacturing company faces a lot of competition. Thus such a model would be very essential for their company. 1.3.4 Consumer perceived value of Maruti with reference to Zeithaml Model Means-End Model An adaptation of a model first proposed by Dodds and Monroe (1985), Zeithaml with her study in 1988 about price, quality and value towards consumers defined this into the concept of Means-End model. (Source: Means-End Model, Zeithaml, 1988) 2. Value Proposition Definition of ‘Value Proposition’ A business or marketing speech that summarizes why a customer should buy an item for consumption or use a service. This statement should prove a potential buyer that one meticulous product or service will add more value or better solve a problem than other like offerings. Companies use this statement to target customers who will benefit most from using the company’s products, and this helps maintain an economic moat. The ideal value proposition is concise and appeals to the customer’s strongest decision-making drivers. Companies pay a high price when customers lose slight of the company’s value proposition. 2.1 Value Proposition of Maruti Suzuki ‘Way of Life’ is the Value Proposition of Maruti Suzuki. As India is a country where comfort is vital while travelling, Maruti has always been the first option. As mileage is a big criterion with cars for Indians, Suzuki proves to be better than quite a few other names in cars as its vehicles have a higher mileage; for example Swift gives 22km/ltr while if you compare a Honda City gives around 12-13 km/litre. 2.2 Mission Vision of Maruti Suzuki The Company Mission To make available a wide range of modern, high quality fuel efficient vehicles in order to meet the need of different customers, both in domestic and export markets. The Company Vision We must be an internationally competitive company in terms of our products and services. We must retain our leadership in India and should also aspire to be among the global players. Their focus is on: Building a continuously improving organization adaptable to quick changes Providing value and satisfaction to the customer Aligning and fully involving all our employees, suppliers and dealers to face competition Maximising Shareholder’s value 2.3 Target Market Definition of target market: A specific group of consumers at which a company aims its products and services. Maruti Suzuki has adopted a focused approach and wisely created segments within a large market to promote their cars. Lower Income Group- Maruti 800, Alto  Middle Income Group- Wagon-R, Swift, Swift DZire, Ritz High Income Group- Maruti Suzuki Kizashi, Suzuki Grand Vitara Suzuki Grand Vitara would obviously have no takers amongst the lower income group. 2.4 Market Attractiveness Market attractiveness is a term that describes the profit possibilities available in a given market or industry. The more attractive a market is, the higher the potential profits. Companies in the process of considering entires into new industries or markets conduct a number of analyses to determine whether or not such a move would be good for the business. One such analysis is a market attractiveness analysis, conducted to find out if entering a particular market or industry would be profitable and how much the company could potentially earn. The automobile industry is a huge and diversified market. It can be divided into different segments each satisfying different needs of the customers. These different segments can be classified as: SUV’s, Sedans, Hatchbacks, C segments etc. This gives an automobile company ample amount of opportunities. Maruti Suzuki  is prevalent in all of these segments and is considered as one of the premium brands in all of these segments. In this very market other than the different segments of automobiles also is the service rendered by the company to the customers. Thus the market is as attractive as one would hope for giving Maruti Suzuki a chance to make the most of it.

Essay --

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a disorder that affects people who have witnessed/experienced a traumatic or terrifying event that causes intense mental issues. PTSD is usually found in war veterans, rape victims, or murder witnesses. Anyone who suffers from PTSD has a large option of treatments to choose from. About 3.6% of adult Americans (5.2 million people) suffer from PTSD. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a mental disorder in which people who have had a traumatic experience that mentally scars them, the symptoms of PTSD usually can cause intense situations in everyday life, but the victims have a whole lot of treatments they can choose from. 3.6% of adults in America suffer from PTSD in 1 year and 7.8 million Americans will or have experienced PTSD in their life. Women run a higher risk of developing PTSD more than men because they are victimized more then men in domestic violence, abuse, and rape. If PTSD symptoms are diagnosed, a doctor will evaluate medical history and conduct a physical exam. The doctor might also test for common symptoms of physical illnesses. If no physical illnesses are found, they may refer you to a psychiatrist or psychologist. Psychiatrists and psychologists use specially trained to interview and assess tools to evaluate a patient for an anxiety disorder. The doctor bases their diagnosis of PTSD on any reported problems with functioning caused by the symptoms. The doctor then determines if the symptoms and degree of dysfunction indicates PTSD. The diagnosis of PTSD is determined if the person’s symptoms have lasted more than one month. Everyone that has Witnesses a traumatic event reacts differently. Each person is unique in their ability to manage fear and stress and cope with the threa... ...and emotional conflicts caused by the traumatic event. Family therapy is useful because the behavior of the PTSD victim can have an effect on the other members of their family, so getting the family together to help cope with the PTSD. Group therapy helps by allowing the victim to share thoughts and feelings with other people who have also experienced and had PTSD. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing is a complex form of psychotherapy alleviates distress linked with traumatic memories but also treats phobias. PTSD is a mental disorder in which a victim can become hostile in everyday situations but they have many treatments that can help them with their disorder. Ms. Nordin is an English teacher. Treatments for PTSD can include medicine or psychology. PTSD mostly occurs in war veterans. PTSD is no laughing matter and should be treated as soon as possible.

In What Ways and with What Results Did 19th Century Nationalism?

During the 19th century, nationalistic thoughts began to infiltrate Europe, which eventually lead up to unifications, as well as the First World War. Nationalism began as each ethnicity began to feel a sense of individuality and identity. Nationalism was the start of independence and revolutions, even after the Congress of Vienna, which sought to continue conservative ways. With the rise of nationalism in the 19th, it catalyzed many wars including World War One.At the beginning of the 19th century, the Congress of Vienna was a reaction to the French Revolution, in which they wanted to preserve the monarchies in Europe as well as conservative ways. Nationalistic ideas were surfacing across Europe however the Congress of Vienna did not prevent the nationalism uprisings of 1848. By combining the Netherlands with Belgium, and continuously not giving Poland it’s freedom, the Congress only furthered the nationalistic movements. Revolutions began to take Europe during the year of 184 8, the year of Revolutions.Up until then, different ethnic groups began to pride themselves in nationalism, and in their identities. Countries such as Poland, Belgium, Italy, and Germany started revolutions in order to gain independence. Each country was fighting for nationalism with their new sense of identity however many of them failed. Nationalism ultimately caused the independence of countries such as Germany and Italy. It encouraged people of each state to think about their ethnicity as well as identity. Even though many states benefited, other states were suppressed and unable to break free.This is one of the factors that led up to the First World War. As the Ottoman Empire began to decline, it was right in the 19th -20th century, which was the prime time of nationalism. States wanted freedom from their reigning countries due to their national pride, yet the reigning countries were uncooperative. The Balkan areas were under the Austria-Hungary Empire’s rule, yet Serbia wanted to create a new country with states that mostly contained Serbians. Their nationalism became ultra-nationalistic which led to the assassination of the crowned prince of Austria-Hungary.This was one of the reasons of World War I starting up-nationalism. The seed of nationalism in Europe not only created many new independent nations but also created a sense of identity within states. Without nationalism uprisings in Europe, many of what the world looks like now would not be here and unified countries such as Germany and Italy may still be tiny states instead of a large country. Nationalism shaped Europe’s geographical state, and the course of events that led up to the 20th century.

High School vs College Essay

College and high school share the same common goal, which is teaching students to learn; however, in reality there are many differences between college and high school. In fact college and high school are two different experiences in the life of students. For example many students at colleges and University’s live on that campus or establishment, for as people in high school do not. Most students who graduate high school and go off to college choose to be there, students who are enrolled in high school have to be there, if the students in high school didn’t attend they more than likely won’t be attending college. Attendance is one of the biggest changes from making the change from high school to college, in high school kids were penalized for missing/skipping class. However in college the professor wouldn’t care if you came or not. That is a big part in the transition from grade school to the collegiate level. Most teachers in high school assign busy work that doesn’t count on your final grade. For as college you get assignments that really count towards your grade. You will very seldom get assignments that do not count like reading some pages in a text book etc. t is nice and saves a lot of time for your social life. There is also a lot of relearning in college classes, and classes can be much larger than those of high school. High school you will probably get fifteen to twenty students in each of your classes, but far as college it varies in numerous numbers you can get to fifty students in one classroom. Many people may not believe me when I tell them college students are muc h more mature than those of the high school level. People of high school always have a principle, teacher, or substitute in their ear telling them what to do, and what not to do most of the time. College is more of yourself doing what you need to do to succeed that’s why college students are more mature and organized. Not saying that every high school student’s not, but for the majority college students over rule in that area. In college you can make out your own schedule instead of waking up early every morning at 8: am or whatever time your high school classes started. It’s a big difference between high school and college. In high school you are expected to read short assignments that are then discussed, and often re-taught, in class. Far as college you are assigned substantial amounts of reading and writing which may not be directly addressed in a college class. You may study outside class as little as 0 to 2 hours a week in a high school class, and this may be mostly last-minute test preparation. College courses you need to study at least 2 to 3 hours outside of class for each hour in class to be prepared for test quizzes and exams. The transition in high school teachers and professors are also a big difference. Teachers of the high school level present material to help you understand the material in the textbook, Professors may not follow the textbook. Instead, to amplify the text, they may give illustrations, provide background information, or discuss research about the topic you are studying. Or they may expect you to relate the classes to the textbook readings. The changes from high school to college vary in many ways some good, and some bad depending on the student.

6 Directions for Visual Display of Content

6 Directions for Visual Display of Content 6 Directions for Visual Display of Content 6 Directions for Visual Display of Content By Mark Nichol Whether you self-publish online or in print, or submit to publications in various media, consider not just the cognitive impact of the content but also the visual presentation. 1. Sentences Concise sentences are effective. They convey much information in few words. But a succession of several such sentences is wearying. A string of short sentences is like stop-and-go traffic. Elegance and eloquence in language usage is a key consideration in composition, but so is the flow of language. Be aware of how sentences roll along. You’re likely to find that you are most pleased to read something demonstrating a variety of sentence lengths. 2. Paragraphs Paragraph length is also a consideration. The traditional rule of essay writing is to present a topic statement followed by three supporting sentences and a conclusion. The model essay, according to a similar rule, is formatted in the same way: a topic paragraph, three paragraphs that illustrate the point, and a summarizing paragraph. No composition need be composed so rigidly, and the publication medium must also be taken into consideration. A single-column book format is more forgiving of long paragraphs, but a two-column book layout or a magazine’s page design merits more frequent breaks. Scan-friendly paragraphs, meanwhile, are more suitable for newspapers and for online writing. (Nothing is more off-putting on the Web than a full-width slab of unbroken writing, unless it’s a full-width slab of unbroken writing in red type on a black background.) The argument-support-conclusion is a valid ideal, but consider also the visual esthetics of a paragraph. 3. Subheadings What else can you do to give readers a break? Insert one or more levels of subheadings an especially useful strategy for procedural content like a construction or assembly guide (in which case the subheadings should also be numbered to help the reader follow the sequence). Publications generally vary the style for various levels, as well, so if you’re self-publishing, whether in print, or online, consider capitalizing top-level heads, initial-capping those at the next level, and using italics for the third level, for example. 4. Lists Introduce vertical lists numbered, unnumbered, or bulleted, as appropriate in applicable contexts. Again, this approach is especially useful for instructions or materials lists, but it can also be applied when you introduce concepts you will discuss in more detail later or to enumerate other points. 5. Dialogue When you write dialogue, set each person’s speech off in a new paragraph. Make exceptions for such instances as rapid-fire exclamations in a crowd scene or a quick back-and-forth between new characters, but generally follow this convention for fiction and nonfiction alike; doing so also obviates the need for continual attribution (â€Å"he said,† â€Å"she added,† and so on). 6. Graphics When you self-publish, you can also employ graphic elements photographs or illustrations, or visual information like charts, graphs, figures, and the like to help break up the written content. Another solution is what’s called a pull quote a memorable or trenchant statement from the narrative or a speaker’s quotation. (If the latter, place in quotation marks and identify the source of the comment.) Graphics and pull quotes can take up a full column width or can cut in to one partially, depending on the column width, the point size of the type, and the size and nature of the element, or type can be wrapped around a large visual element. Also, consider inserting a thin rule (line) or a signature object (a flower for an essay about gardening, or an illustration of a hammer for directions about how to build a deck), but don’t crowd such elements too closely with subheadings or other devices suggested above. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Fly, Flew, (has) FlownFlied?20 Words Meaning "Being or Existing in the Past"Quiet or Quite?

Why countries find it so difficult to agree climate change targets Coursework

Why countries find it so difficult to agree climate change targets. You should also offer potential solutions to the barriers that you identify - Coursework Example tes) while in the quest of strengthening their respective economic muscles, this has ensued to the present day’s adverse environmental effects (Berger, 2010). For instance, in Ukraine where climate change has adversely affected agriculture through persistent droughts (Lagutov, 2012, p. 78). Consequently, these droughts have yielded to crops’ failure, which in turn prompts the entire region’s populations experience food insecurity. This is a grievous predicament as the state’s economy somehow wholly relies on agriculture. Conversely, some scholars have contended climate alterations experienced in the region are favorable but not all parts of the entire state (Lagutov, 2012). Similarly, alteration in climate has led to heightened temperature levels in Japan leading to augmenting of Japan’s unnecessary morbidity and mortality (Ford & Berrang-Ford, 2011, p. 190). This is due to heat waves mainly associated with varied illnesses, which could have not bee n in existence if there were effective measures to shun climate degradation. Some of the illnesses associated with this climate mishap commonly experienced include cramps and heat exhaustion whereby the latter with delayed attention graduates to heatstroke, which augments the state’s mortality (Ford & Berrang-Ford, 2011). These alterations are adverse to numerous people especially those may be experiencing other chronic maladies. This is because extent of worsening of a given malady normally depends on one’s physical strength (Ford & Berrang-Ford, 2011). This is quite evident based on incidents that to date have remained in the annals of history as most grievous occurrences ever occurred and whose effects are still felt presently by varied life forms. These mishaps embrace Deepwater Horizon oil spill (Mexico), Chernobyl (Ukraine), Fukushima and Sayano-Shushenskaya power station (Russia) though some of the respective states contend their occurrence was due to inescapabl e structural failures. In the case of

Explore how you apply different aspects of science in your daily life Essay

Explore how you apply different aspects of science in your daily life - Essay Example 3. Hypothesis: The light does not come on because fuses have been shorted. 4. Test the hypothesis: By putting in some new fuses to replace the shorted fuses. 5. Observe data: After fuses are replaced, lights are turned on again and they all light up. 6. Conclusion: The light did not come on because the fuses were shorted and needed to be replaced. Scenario 2: I was about to cook spaghetti for my family, and while opening the can of tomato sauce, the can opener broke. 1. State the Problem: How do I open the can of tomato sauce? 2. Collect information: I looked into my kitchen utensils for sharp materials which I could use to open the can. I checked and I saw that the sharpest instrument I had among these utensils was a knife. 3. Hypothesis: I can open the can of tomato sauce using the kitchen knife. 4. Test the hypothesis: I tried opening the can of tomato sauce using the kitchen knife. 5. Observe data: I successfully opened the can of tomato sauce using the kitchen knife. The method of opening was more tedious and the edges of the can were not as smooth, but the end goal of opening the can was achieved. 6. Conclusion: I can open the can of tomato sauce using the kitchen knife. PART II: WHY I CANNOT LIVE WITH/WITHOUT SCIENCE 1. Describe a typical day in your life from the time you wake up, until the time you go to bed. Describe how science impacts you and your routine throughout the day. My typical day starts off with me waking up to the alarm sounding off at 6:30 am. I get up after about 5 minutes from the time the alarm sounds off. I then go to the kitchen and put coffee on the coffeemaker to brew. While it is brewing, I check for the morning mail and morning paper. I then check what to cook for breakfast. I choose what to cook for breakfast and then proceed to cook it. Once it is cooked, I have my breakfast while reading the morning paper and sipping my coffee. I then wash up the dishes and tidy up the kitchen. Next, I check my wardrobe for clothes to wear fo r the day. I take a bath and then put on my clothes. After gathering my things, I then proceed to work. I usually get there by 9 am. I take my lunch break at 12 noon, then coffee break at 3:30 pm, and I leave the office by 5 pm. I am home by 5:30 pm and prepare my dinner. After dinner, I wash up and proceed to watch my favorite evening shows. By 10pm, I am ready to go to bed; I check first on my doors and windows to see that they are shut and locked. I read a few chapters of a book until I feel sleepy. Usually, by 11pm, I am already fast asleep. Science impacts significantly on me and on my routine because it helps me make sound decisions. It also helps me resolve issues which I face in my work. In making simple decisions like what to cook for breakfast or dinner, unconsciously, I go through the scientific process. From the problem raised, I gather information, and then come up with a tentative answer to such issue. After testing the effectiveness of the tentative answer, I then mak e the decision to use or not use such answer. In instances when a particular hypothesis does not answer the questions or issues I raise, then I come up with other answers of solutions to the problem. Science has impacted on my routine in the sense that it has made my activities simpler and more focused. Without science and without the application of the scientific method in my daily activities, my life

Social networking Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Social networking - Research Paper Example the introduction of social networking has changed internet technology to inclusive Internet users can come together in social media sites and sharing their hobbies, views, memories and religion. Many social networking sites require minimum efforts and security to join and almost every site are free. High level of personal information that is displayed in the social networking sites can result in identity theft. There is hardly any person who does not exercise any forms of social networking. The advancement of social networking changed the way of communication of people from silent spectator to effective spectator. This research paper will discuss about the issues of identity privacy on social media sites. The creation of popular social networking sites such as Facebook, Google+, Twitter and Instagram has created a controversial issue which is identity privacy of individual. Some of the identity privacy issues are identity theft, data mining and stalking. Social media sites such as Facebook and twitter has provided a perfect platform for individuals to share their memories and views. Social networking sites have becomes inevitable part of every people by providing maximum global reach. The destination of global reach of people created the domination of social networking. It has brought power back to the people hands by the virtue of interaction of people with other individual can help to create social influence. The astronomical amount of information that is being shared in social media sites created privacy and security issues. Social networking has encouraged people to be more open to share their intimate details (Gershon 19). But this information which are being posted can cause pr ivacy issue like people might stole be aware of this information due to open nature of social networking sites. Social networking site such as Facebook has attracted the

Equity and Debt Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Equity and Debt - Assignment Example The advantages of choosing equity financing reveal the compelling reasons why AMSC management felt the need to adopt floating shares in the market. Firstly, equity financing allowed the company to obtain a long-term relationship with investors ready to commit money in the company’s projects. Such an arrangement avoids short-term risks where the financial security offered by the funding party comes to an end after some time, such as in a loan agreement. Similarly, most investors in equity deals have preferences in the choice of projects to invest in, which attracts professional entrepreneurs. In this regard, equity relationships have safer business linkages by pulling passionate investors who add value in terms of business succession. Another advantage of equity financing relates to the overall reduction in outward cash-flow challenges that shrink liquidity. As opposed to debt financing, equity financing adds money to the business in the long-term, thereby reducing outflow challenges. Evans and Mellen (2010) noted a closely related advantage that touches on the long-term outcomes of additional investment without repayment obligations, which increases chances of growth. The long-term element of the equity relationship secures the growth prospects of a business as opposed to a debt that requires fixed repayment periods. Similarly, the investor bears the risk element of the investment made, which reduces the pressure of compulsory liability as seen in debt financing. The sharing outcomes of the partnership and shared ownership raises the confidence of the equity arrangement in facing risks. From these advantages, the management could have found grounds to make a decision to on engaging shareholders. As mentioned, equity financing also presents a fair share of disadvantages emanating from the opportunity cost against debt financing and other sources of capital. Firstly, equity financing implies

Health Inequalities And Socioeconomic Status Health And Social Care Essay

Health Inequalities And Socioeconomic Status Health And Social Care Essay For years there has been significant evidence linking socio-economic status and health. Statistics show a graded relationship, meaning the higher your social position the greater your level of health (figure 3). This shocking data not only shows the most deprived dying 7 years earlier than the least; they will also have a disability for a longer period of their shorter lives, which is likely to take affect before the ever increasing pension age, 17 years before that of the most affluent (Marmot 2010). Figure 3: Life expectancy and disability-free life expectancy at birth, persons by neighbourhood income level (ONS 2009). Recession does not uniformly impact the health of the nation, affecting different social-classes in different ways and by variable amounts, further accentuating health inequalities (Marmot and Bell 2009).This essay will examine how the behavioural, psycho-social, materialist and life-course aetiological pathways are involved in the health effects of the economic downturn on different socio-economic groups. Unemployment will be discussed in detail being the major variable during an economic downturn, having both direct and secondary causes, and a significant influence on health. Later, other indirect influences such as job insecurity and public sector cuts will also be discussed. Unemployment has a serious affect on health showing a much higher mortality rate for unemployed men (Figure 4). However some of this difference may be attributed to the theory of selection that ill people are more likely to become or remain unemployed, rather than exposure where unemployment causes health deterioration (Burgard et al. 2007). Although some less healthy individuals may lose their jobs before others, the sheer scale of unemployment during economic downturn will make exposure dominant. Contrasting to others Martikainen et al. (2007) argue that the mortality and therefore health during unemployment is often better during a recession due to better support in the form of unemployed peers. However in terms of the nation as a whole increased unemployment deteriorates health, and when considering the individual, although support from peers is important the financial strain combined with other factors such as increased cost of living and public sector cuts, discussed later, wil l exceed this positive effect. Figure 4: Mortality of men in England and Wales in 1981-92, by social-class and employment status at the 1981 Census (Bethune 1997). Unemployments major impact is on an individuals mental health; Price et al. (1998) associated unemployment with decreased self-esteem and perceived competence, increased depression and anxiety along with an increased risk of suicide attempt, alcohol abuse and violence. However other research has indicated that the lack of income outweighs the stress related consumption of cigarettes and alcohol (Ruhm 2005) or that health damaging behaviours are influenced by feelings of control and expectation of future employment (Catalano 1997). Several studies link these psychological affects such as job stress increasing risk factors such as hypertension and serum cholesterol (Weber et al. 1997). In conjunction with this it seems the most common impacts of unemployment on physical health are on the cardiovascular system with Gallo et al. (2006) estimating a doubling of the risk of stroke and myocardial infarction with involuntary job loss. The financial sector initiated the current recession so was the first to directly feel its effects, for example Northern Rock being taken into state ownership and forced to make 800 compulsory redundancies (Treanor 2008). The secondary impact of the recession involved decreased lending from the financial sector, forcing companies to close altogether or relocate abroad for a cheaper workforce, meaning mass unemployment and unlikely reemployment (Clancy and Jenkins 2009). Next as the government feels the squeeze public sector cuts are causing further unemployment. Generally speaking the lower-classes are the most likely to become unemployed, occurring mainly via secondary impacts since they are the first to be made redundant during public sector cuts and they dominate industries such as retail and manufacturing which are the most suitable for relocation abroad (Clancy and Jenkins 2009). This unemployment causes a loss of income resulting in severe financial strain; with debt continuing to accumulate as they struggle to find a job and suffer with the social stigma associated with unemployment, individuals feel out of control with increasing levels of stress, depression deteriorating their health (Price et al. 2002). As money becomes increasingly tight basic needs such as nutrition and access to healthcare impact their physical health, this lack of finances means decreased opportunity for social activities and coping strategies further worsening their mental health (Price et al. 1998). Some people may lose hope all together and turn to health de structive behaviour such as smoking, alcohol and perhaps even suicide as described earlier. However in areas of high unemployment, the presence of many individuals in the same situation may protect individuals from such psychosocial impacts (Brenner and Mooney 1983). The more affluent are also at risk of unemployment, many directly from the recession as higher socio-economic groups dominate the financial sector, however like the lower-classes the decreased lending and public sector cuts cause widespread unemployment but on a much smaller scale. The contrast with that of the lower-classes is that their higher salary over the years often enables them to have sufficient savings that can act as a buffer, whilst they wait for the economy to recover and apply for new jobs, which they are more likely to get due to their higher qualifications (Elliott et al. 2010). These wealthier individuals suffer more in terms of psychological health; many experience a loss of identity, as their job defines them and without it they feel lost and unaware of their place in society (Price et al. 1998). Their physical health may not be affected with finances available to provide food and other essentials, however it is these same finances that have the capacity to fund sm oking, alcohol and even drug abuse. Unemployment indirectly impacts on the health of their entire family. The  Office of Population, Censuses and Surveys revealed wives of unemployed men experienced 20% excess deaths to those with employed husbands (Moser and Goldblatt 1990). There are also strong links between unemployment and domestic violence, unwanted pregnancy, divorce and impaired infant growth (Mathers and Schofield 1998). Social support from family and friends is crucial to combat unemployments negative psychological effects, but unemployment itself disrupts social support and friendship networks, often resulting in conflict (Price et al. 1998). The financial strain of recession puts significant pressures on parenting and ultimately deteriorates the health and development of their children which will affect them throughout their life-course (Solantus et al. 2004). This is accentuated by the government increasing the cost of university, denying those with potential in lower social-classes, the opportunity of u pward mobility. These family impacts are more prominent in lower socio-economic groups, with greater financial burden meaning lower control and more pressure on relationships. Some of the more indirect impacts of recession on health are not directly linked with unemployment, although some such as job insecurity and unsuitable reemployment may be associated with it. Job insecurity is a feature of modern Britain with our shift from manufacturing to service sector employment still struggling against strong international competition. The economic downturn increasing unemployment worsens the UKs already high job insecurity, with more people worried about their own or their companys longevity. The mechanism by which job insecurity impacts health is similar to that of unemployment; many view job loss anticipation as the first step of unemployment. With Petterson et al.(2005) observing insecure workers exhibiting declining concentration and increased irritation and long term sick leave its no wonder they may soon become unemployed. Dekker and Shaufeli (1995) even argue that it may be more difficult to cope with job uncertainty due to not knowing what to expect. These impacts relate to feelings of low control over their future, but this differs for the individual, the level of insecurity and the prospect of reemployment. Redundancies within an organisat ion can affect the health of all the employees, with those remaining exhibiting a lack in trust of those in power, competition with other workers at risk and resentment for those already redundant (Campbell and Pepper 2006). Unsatisfactory reemployment is an indirect impact due to decreased job opportunities, affecting those who have recently become unemployed and those looking for first time employment. The depression caused by unemployment itself severely reduces the chances of reemployment and the longer they spend unemployed they become deskilled making it even more difficult to escape the spiral of disadvantage (Price et al. 2002). Most would think its beneficial to gain employment and income, but the pressures of financial strain make lower socio-economic groups more likely to accept unsustainable employment, that is temporary, high-demand and low-pay. Whilst it may help financially in the short-term it wont have any long-term improvements and due to the type of work being unrewarding, monotonous and insecure means it has negative health implications such as depression, hence it may be just as bad as unemployment (Grzywacz Dooley 2003). Along with unemployment and pay cuts, a higher cost of living involving increasing VAT and escalating food and petrol prices all create financial strain, especially in the lower-classes, which itself causes negative health effects as discussed with unemployment. However this decreased disposable income reduces public spending, causing the local economy to fail (Brenner and Mooney 1983). Although large areas such as cities contain people of all socio-economic status, they are segregated into smaller communities of a particular social-class. Lower-class communities have the least public spending so are the worst affected; places like the high street which are important hubs for social integration soon become dilapidated, increasing levels of depression, crime and social exclusion, severely impacting the health of the community (Yuill 2009). Increased poverty and ill health puts tremendous pressure on public services such as social welfare, primary health care and the police. Public sector cuts in these areas further worsen the health impacts by reducing their ability to cope and reducing availability of such services to an ever increasing number of people who require them. In conclusion, the economic downturn has several impacts on the health of the UK, both directly and indirectly. These impacts do affect everyone so no groups should be ignored, but its clear that socio-economic status influences the mechanisms and severity by which it impacts peoples health. The majority of research indicates that lower-classes are the worst affected; they are most likely to become unemployed, experience job insecurity and undertake unsuitable employment (Clancy and Jenkins 2009). They also experience greater financial strain from pay cuts and increased cost of living, all of which result in more serious health connotations. Higher socio-economic groups dont experience such a financial loss and are considered to have more control over their futures due to assets such as savings and good qualifications, but they do experience negative mental health impacts, such as loss of identity, different to that of lower-classes (Price et al. 1998). Indirect impacts of the recess ion such as reduced public spending and public sector cuts reduce service availability, particularly in deprived areas where they are needed the most. It is important to understand that its not just about individuals, the recession indirectly affects family and friends and that lower-class families raising a child in times of struggle will severely affect that childs health throughout their life-course (Marmot and Bell 2009). Reference list Bartley, M. 2004. Health inequality an introduction to theories, concepts and methods. Cambridge: Polity Press, pp. 22-32. Brenner, M. and Mooney, A. 1983. Unemployment and health in the context of economic change. Social Science Medicine 17, pp. 1125à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 1138. Burgard, S. Brand, J. and House, J. 2007. Toward a better estimation of the effect of job loss on health. J Health Soc Behav 48, pp. 369-384. Campbell, R. and Pepper, L. 2006. Downsizing and social cohesion: the case of downsizing survivors. New Solutions 16(4), pp. 373à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 393. Catalano, R. 1997. An Emerging Theory of the Effect of Economic Contraction on Alcohol Abuse in the United States. Social Justice Research 10(2), pp. 191à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 201. Clancy, G. and Jenkins, J. 2009. The impact of the recession on the Labour Market. ONS presentation at Cardiff University (14.07.2009). Dekker, S. and Schaufeli, W. 1995. The effects of job insecurity on psychological health and withdrawal: A longitudinal study. Australian Psychologist 30(1), pp. 57à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 63. Denny, E. and Earle, S. 2005. Sociology for nurses. Cambridge: Polity Press, pp. 140-148. Elliott, E. Harrop, E. Rothwell, H. Shepherd, M. and Williams, G. 2010. Working paper 134: The impact of the economic downturn on health in Wales: A review and case study. Cardiff school of social sciences (November 2010), pp. 29-59. Gallo, W. Teng, H. Falba, T. Kasl, S. Krumholz, H. and Bradley, E. 2006. The impact of late career job loss on myocardial infarction and stroke: A 10 year follow up using the health and retirement survey. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 63(10), pp. 683à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 687. Graham, H. 2007. Unequal lives: Health and socio-economic inequalities. Buckingham: Open University Press. Grzywacz, J. and Dooley, D. 2003. Good jobs to bad jobs: Replicated evidence of an employment continuum from two large surveys. Social Science and Medicine 56, pp. 1749-1760. Marmot, M. (Chairman). 2010. Fair society healthy lives strategic review of health inequalities in England post 2010. London: The Marmot Review, pp.44-77. Marmot, M. and Bell, R. 2009. How will the financial crisis affect health? BMJ 338(b) 1314. Martikainen, P. Mà ¤ki, N. and Jà ¤ntti, M. 2007. The effects of unemployment on mortality following workplace downsizing and workplace closure: a registerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ based followà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ up study of Finnish men and women during economic boom and recession. American Journal of Epidemiology 165(9), pp. 1070à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 1075. Mathers, C. and Schofield, D. 1998. The health consequences of unemployment: the evidence. Medical Journal of Australia 168, pp. 178à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 182. Moser, K. Goldblatt, P. Fox, J. and Jones, D. 1990. Unemployment and mortality. Longitudinal study: Mortality and Social Organisation. London: OPCS. ONS. 2009. Health expectancy at birth. Office for National Statistics [online]. Available at: http://www.statistics.gov.uk/StatBase/Product.asp?vlnk=12964 [Accessed 9th March 2011]. ONS. 2010. SOC2010 volume 3 NC- SEC user manual [online]. Available at: http://www.ons.gov.uk/about-statistics/classifications/current/soc2010/soc2010-volume-3-ns-secrebased-on-soc2010user-manual/index.html [Accessed 27th February 2011]. Parliament. 2005. Select Committee on Science and Technology  First Report [online]. Available at: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200506/ldselect/ldsctech/20/2004.htm [Accessed 27th February 2011]. Petterson, I. Hertting, A. Hagberg, L. and Theorell, T. 2005. Are trends in work and health conditions interrelated? A study of Swedish hospital employees in the 1990s. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 10(2), pp. 110à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 120. Price, R. Choi, J. and Vinokur, A. 2002. Links in the chain of adversity following job loss: How financial strain and loss of personal control lead to depression, impaired functioning, and poor health. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 7(4), pp. 302-312. Price, R. Friedland, D. and Vinokur, A. 1998. Job loss: Hard times and eroded identity in J.H. Harvey (Ed.) Perspectives on loss: A sourcebook. Philadelphia: Taylor Francis, pp. 303à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 316. Ruhm, C. 2005. Healthy living in hard times. Journal of Health Economics 24(2), pp. 341à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 63. Solantaus, T. Leinonen, J. and Punamà ¤ki, R. 2004. Childrens Mental Health in Times of Economic Recession: Replication and Extensions of the Family Economic Stress Model in Finland. Developmental Psychology 40, pp. 412à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 429. Strully, K. 2006. Job loss and health in the US labour market. Demography 46, pp. 221à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 226. Treanor, J. 2008.  Northern Rock to make 800 compulsory redundancies.  The Guardian [online] 31.07.2008. Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2008/jul/31/northernrock.creditcrunch [Accessed: 06.03.11]. Weber, A. and Lehnert, G. 1997. Unemployment and cardiovascular diseases: a causal relationship? International Archives of Occupational Environmental Health 70(3), pp. 153à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 160. Yuill, C. 2009. The Credit Crunch and the High Street: Coming Like a Ghost Town. Social Research Online [online] 14(2). Available at: http://www.socresonline.org.uk/14/2/12.html [Accessed: 8th March 2011].

Acid Rain :: Environment Ecology Nature Essays Papers

Acid Rain If it was possible to peer into the future and see the environmental consequences of mankind’s actions, humans’ harmful contributions to the highly acidic rain levels would be apparent. Seeing the possibility of a tragic environment in the future would change the ways we treat our environment today and forever. The environment receives its main punishments from a variety of sources, ranging from car smog to industrial smog and waste. Acid rain, fog, sleet and snow all have severely harmful affects on our environment. In order to protect our environment, humans need to be conscious of the results of their actions and act responsibly to slow down, if not stop, the negative effects of acid rain on our plant, animal and human life. Acid rain is rain with a low PH level. A scale ranging from zero to fourteen defines the ph scale, with zero representing the most acidic, fourteen representing the most basic ph levels and seven representing neutral. Acid rain can formulate from sulfur and nitrogen, which is emmited by cars and coal fired generators. America and Europe are the leaders in the war against acid rain, and are fighting to protect our health and environment. One way these two regions are attempting to reduce acid rain is by encouraging the use of natural gases rather than coal in power plants. This is useful because natural gases contain less sulfur. Acid rain is detrimental to all living organisms and needs to be decreased. Acid rain affects the entire environment, especially plants and animals. One of the most harmful effects acid rain has on the ecosystem is its destruction of plant life. Acid rain containing highly acidic ph levels also greatly affects animal lives. After falling, acid rain flows directly from the plants, through the watershed and into a stream, river or lake, where it can dramatically affect aquatic life. During the flow of acid rain through soils and into the watershed system, aluminum is picked up and dispersed into the nearby streams, rivers and lakes. Aquatic life can live with a below normal acid level, but the additional aluminum deposited into the reservoir greatly affects the fish. All breathing organisms are also affected by the acid rain pollutants distributed into the air. The major source of these air pollutants is nitrogen oxide from vehicles and industrial sites where fossil fuels are burned. Acid Rain :: Environment Ecology Nature Essays Papers Acid Rain If it was possible to peer into the future and see the environmental consequences of mankind’s actions, humans’ harmful contributions to the highly acidic rain levels would be apparent. Seeing the possibility of a tragic environment in the future would change the ways we treat our environment today and forever. The environment receives its main punishments from a variety of sources, ranging from car smog to industrial smog and waste. Acid rain, fog, sleet and snow all have severely harmful affects on our environment. In order to protect our environment, humans need to be conscious of the results of their actions and act responsibly to slow down, if not stop, the negative effects of acid rain on our plant, animal and human life. Acid rain is rain with a low PH level. A scale ranging from zero to fourteen defines the ph scale, with zero representing the most acidic, fourteen representing the most basic ph levels and seven representing neutral. Acid rain can formulate from sulfur and nitrogen, which is emmited by cars and coal fired generators. America and Europe are the leaders in the war against acid rain, and are fighting to protect our health and environment. One way these two regions are attempting to reduce acid rain is by encouraging the use of natural gases rather than coal in power plants. This is useful because natural gases contain less sulfur. Acid rain is detrimental to all living organisms and needs to be decreased. Acid rain affects the entire environment, especially plants and animals. One of the most harmful effects acid rain has on the ecosystem is its destruction of plant life. Acid rain containing highly acidic ph levels also greatly affects animal lives. After falling, acid rain flows directly from the plants, through the watershed and into a stream, river or lake, where it can dramatically affect aquatic life. During the flow of acid rain through soils and into the watershed system, aluminum is picked up and dispersed into the nearby streams, rivers and lakes. Aquatic life can live with a below normal acid level, but the additional aluminum deposited into the reservoir greatly affects the fish. All breathing organisms are also affected by the acid rain pollutants distributed into the air. The major source of these air pollutants is nitrogen oxide from vehicles and industrial sites where fossil fuels are burned.

World Without

After day at work, Montage arrives at his house to find Mildred passed out and unresponsive. He calls for an ambulance and her stomach Is pumped. Montage confronts Mildred in the morning: â€Å"Yes,' he said. ‘l wanted to talk to you. ‘ He paused. You took all the pills in your bottle last night. ‘ ‘Oh, I wouldn't do that,' she said, surprised. ‘The bottle was empty. ‘ ‘I wouldn't do a thing Like that. Why would I do a thing like that? She said. ‘Maybe you took two pills and forgot and took two more and forgot again and took two more and were so dopey you kept right on until you had thirty or forty of them in you. ‘Heck,' he said, What would I want to go and do a silly thing like that for? † (Bradbury 19). Mildred is depressed and attempted to take her life. When confronted by her husband, she denies it. This is because the marriage lacks the communication and interaction that marriages need to survive. She will not express her feelings to her husband, so she only feels worse. Similarly, Montage cannot try to comfort Mildred because she will not talk. This leads to the fact that the world cannot function without social interaction. In Montage's world, people simply do not interact normally. This leads to a Vicious cycle of depression and isolation.Mildred started only slightly sad, but because she has no one to talk to, she dwells on the subject and becomes deeply depressed. This is normal occurrence in their world. Society is in such a poor state that people would rather kill themselves than talk to someone! This shows that people are depressed, and stay depressed, because they cannot communicate and interact. Alternatively, Montage comes to realize that society has no value for life. Montage's only true friend, Claries, reveals to Montage the terrible acts that are committed everyday: † ‘I'm afraid of children my own age. They kill each other.Did it always used to be that way? My uncle s ays no. Six of my friends have been shot in the last year alone. Ten of them died In car wrecks. I'm afraid of them and they don't Like me because I'm afraid'† (Bradbury 30). The way Claries says this makes It seem to be obvious to the whole world, but to Montage it is a revelation. He sees that the society has transformed into something where life is worth no more than the gas in the car that hits the body. The most basic unit of living has changed from morality to mortality. People are killed for no reason other than for the entertainment of others.In this society, the government Is killing all their enemies and that Is the cause of the devaluation of life. The public sees the mass destruction of life In the world, which killing. Simply killing someone would soon leave them board though, so they make up games where they kill innocent by-standers. This degradation of life causes people to not only not care about each other, but leads to them not caring about themselves. They see the fragility in their lives, which leads them to the question â€Å"If life can end so quickly, then why is life worth living? † Thus, the devaluation of life causes unhappiness in Montage world.Additionally, Montage realizes that the people are not sorry for their actions. Montage has Just read aloud an excerpt from a book, which are illegal to have. Milliard's friends are over and are appalled that Montage is reading this, so they start to tell him to stop. Montage responds with this:† ‘Go home. ‘ Montage fixed his eyes upon her, quietly. ‘Go home and think of your first husband divorced and your second husband killed in a Jet and your third husband blowing his brains out, go home and think of the dozen abortions you've had, go home and think of that and your damned cesarean sections, too, and your children who hate your guts!Go home and think how it all happened and what did you ever do to stop it? Go home, go home! ‘ he yelled. ‘Be fore I knock you down and kick you out of the door! ‘† (Bradbury 101). Montage sees that the world has no recognition of their actions anymore. He verbally abuses his wife's friend. He knows that if the world does not change then it will not improve. Montage knows that people have to show remorse for their actions. Montage is not above attacking someone to get reactions. The world does not reflect upon their actions because they are too centered on themselves, and not their effect on others.By seeing the effect of their actions, society could improve. However, since people will not reflect upon their actions, then society will worsen. This proves that society's lack of reflection is a factor in the depressive nature of Montage world. Finally, Montage understands that the world is unhappy even though it is full of niceties. First, he sees that the society needs to communicate better. Second, Montage learns that life is devalued. Third, he understands that people are not s orry for anything. In conclusion, Guy Montage realizes that his world has no Joy because society is missing key elements that guarantee happiness.

Kid kustomers summery essay

That was until the â€Å"Decade of the Child consumer† as many marketing experts call it, where marketing agencies legalized that working parents are more willing to spend money on materialistic items for their kids t o keep them happy. Most all big marketing agencies around that time realized the potential opportunity they had to create a olfactory fan to their brand, so in turn most every ad agency created a child en division to their company.The children divisions of the companies were completely focused o n how to market their brand to stick in young kids minds. The best example of this that Closer BRI nags up in the article is he old Camel Cigarettes mascot, â€Å"Joe Camel†. Joe Camel was a cartoon chart term that the camel cigarettes brand invented to help market their product to a younger crowd an d it worked perfectly.A study done in 1991 showed that almost all American kids age six, could recon nice Joe Camel just as easily as the famous Mackey mouse. Then ano ther very shocking study came shortly after that found that % of all cigarettes illegally sold to minors were Camel cigarettes. Closer goes on to explain that marketing agencies have a goal of getting chi lilied to have pacific reasons for their parents why they need the advertised product.They don't just want kids to whine and beg for their product because they want it, the agencies want child Rene to feel certain reasons why they actually need the product. In order to know what kids need to see to get infatuated with a product, market researchers hold staged sleepovers, focus groups and play d dates for kids as young as two or three to study what they talk about, play with, and even what they drag w in their pictures. The ad agencies also used the internet as a huge marketing tool to children.In 1 998 a federal investigation of the internet found that 89% of children aimed sites were requesting personal information from children without a parents consent which now is illegal due t o the Children's Online Pri vacancy Protection Act, which took effect in the year 2000. The biggest tool that marketing agencies still have to hook our children on the IR product is the television. Despite the efforts of the FTC (Federal Trade Commission) to ban al I television ads directed at children under seven, the television still remains the number one place for racketing agencies to spread their message subliminally to children's minds.With TV channels like N clonked, the Disney Channel, the Cartoon Network and all the other child networks, the television is broadcasting children based advertisements tenderfoot hours a day. Before 1 980, or the â€Å"Decade of the child consumer† none of these television networks even existed. Now the typical American chill d is watching television at an average of twenty hours a week and almost one and a half months o UT of a year, watching more than thirty thousand TV commercials.